Globalização e desenvolvimento desigual

O termo globalização entrou em moda no final dos anos 80 e início dos 90, tanto como uma descrição de um processo histórico de crescente integração econômica e societária no mundo ”“ que podemos denominar “globalização estrutural” ”“ quanto como uma prescrição de políticas supostamente ditadas por esse processo, que podemos denominar “globalização ideológica”

Giovanni Arrighi: os caminhos sinuosos do capital

Entrevista realizada por David Harvey (City University of New York - CUNY) Tradução de Pedro Antonio Vieira e Fábio Soncini (Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC

A Polányi-féle "kettős mozgás" : a brit és az amerikai hegemónia Belle Époque-jainak összehasonlítása

E cikk középpontjában a késő tizennyolcadik-kora tizenkilencedik század kettős mozgása (a brit hegemónia belle époque-ja és összeomlása), illetve a késő huszadik - kora tizenkilencedik század kettős mozgása (az amerikai hegemónia belle époque-ja és jelen válsága) összehasonlító elemzése áll. Az elmozdulás az állítólagosan önszabályozó piac irányába mindkét időszakban protekcionista ellenreakciókat váltott ki. Mindazonáltal jelentős különbségeket is felfedezhetünk – egyrészről a hegemón állam jellegének eltéréseiből fakadóan, másrészt abban, hogy az alárendelt erők a késő huszadik században jóval nagyobb szerepet játszottak abban, hogy elmozdulás történjen a piaci önszabályozás irányába

A Polányi-féle „kettős mozgás”: a brit és az amerikai hegemónia Belle Époque-jainak összehasonlítása

E cikk középpontjában a késő tizennyolcadik-kora tizenkilencedik század kettős mozgása (a brit hegemónia belle époque-ja és összeomlása), illetve a késő huszadik - kora tizenkilencedik század kettős mozgása (az amerikai hegemónia belle époque-ja és jelen válsága) összehasonlító elemzése áll. Az elmozdulás az állítólagosan önszabályozó piac irányába mindkét időszakban protekcionista ellenreakciókat váltott ki. Mindazonáltal jelentős különbségeket is felfedezhetünk – egyrészről a hegemón állam jellegének eltéréseiből fakadóan, másrészt abban, hogy az alárendelt erők a késő huszadik században jóval nagyobb szerepet játszottak abban, hogy elmozdulás történjen a piaci önszabályozás irányába

Similar effect of running on visual and auditory time perception in the ranges of milliseconds and seconds

IntroductionThe ability to accurately encode events’ duration is of critical importance for almost all everyday activities, yet numerous factors have been reported to robustly distort time perception. One of these is physical activity (i.e., running, walking) but, partly due to the variety of methodologies employed, a full comprehension of the role of exercise on the encoding of time has still to be achieved.MethodsHere we tackle the issue with a multifaceted approach by measuring the effect of vigorous running with a time generalization task for visual and auditory stimuli in the range of milliseconds (0.2–0.8 s) as well as seconds (1–4 s). At baseline, participants performed both the encoding and decoding at rest while in the experimental conditions the decoding was performed while running.ResultsOur results indicate that physical activity in both duration ranges (sub-second and seconds) was expanded during running regardless of the sensory modality used to present the stimuli. Despite this generalized effect of running on perceived duration, we found evidence for the existence of independent timing mechanisms: (1) the perceptual biases induced by running in the two temporal regimes were uncorrelated, (2) sensory precision levels (Weber fraction) were higher for stimuli in the seconds range, (3) sensory precision levels were higher for auditory than for visual stimuli, but only within the sub-second range.DiscussionOverall, our results support previous findings suggesting (at least partially) separate timing mechanisms for short/long durations and for visual and auditory stimuli. However, they also indicate that physical activity affects all these temporal modules, suggesting a generalized interaction—via generalized and shared resources—between the motor system and the brain time mechanisms

Effects of leptin on in vitro maturation, fertilization and embryonic cleavage after ICSI and early developmental expression of leptin (Ob) and leptin receptor (ObR) proteins in the horse

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The identification of the adipocyte-derived obesity gene product, leptin (Ob), and subsequently its association with reproduction in rodents and humans led to speculations that leptin may be involved in the regulation of oocyte and preimplantation embryo development. In mice and pigs, in vitro leptin addition significantly increased meiotic resumption and promoted preimplantation embryo development in a dose-dependent manner. This study was conducted to determine whether leptin supplementation during in vitro maturation (IVM) to horse oocytes could have effects on their developmental capacity after fertilization by IntraCytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Compact and expanded-cumulus horse oocytes were matured in medium containing different concentrations (1, 10, 100, 1000 ng/ml) of recombinant human leptin and the effects on maturation, fertilization and embryo cleavage were evaluated. Furthermore, early developmental expression of Ob and leptin receptor (Ob-R) was investigated by immunocytochemical staining.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In expanded-cumulus oocytes, the addition of leptin in IVM medium improved maturation (74% vs 44%, for 100 ng/ml leptin-treated and control groups, respectively; P < 0.05) and fertilization after ICSI (56% vs 23% for 10 ng/ml leptin-treated and control groups, respectively; P < 0.05). However, the developmental rate and quality of 8-cell stage embryos derived from leptin-treated oocytes (100 ng/ml) was significantly reduced, in contrast to previous data in other species where leptin increased embryo cleavage. Ob and Ob-R proteins were detected up to the 8-cell stage with cortical and cytoplasmic granule-like distribution pattern in each blastomere.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Leptin plays a cumulus cell-mediated role in the regulation of oocyte maturation in the mare. Species-specific differences may exist in oocyte sensitivity to leptin.</p

The role of non-numerical information in the perception of temporal numerosity

Numerosity perception refers to the ability to make rapid but approximate estimates of the quantity of elements in a set (spatial numerosity) or presented sequentially (temporal numerosity). Whether numerosity is directly perceived or indirectly recomputed from non-numerical features is a highly debated issue. In the spatial domain, area and density have been suggested as the main parameters through which numerosity would be recomputed. In the temporal domain, stimuli duration and temporal frequency could be similarly exploited to retrieve numerosity. By adapting a psychophysical technique previously exploited in the spatial domain, we investigated whether temporal visual numerosity is directly perceived. Adult participants observed sequences of visual impulses sampled from a stimulus space spanning several levels of temporal frequency and duration (and hence numerosity), and then reproduced the sequence as accurately as possible via a series of keypresses. Crucially, participants were not asked to reproduce any particular property (such as number of impulses) but were free to choose any available cue (such as total duration, or temporal frequency). The results indicate that while the overall sequence duration was barely considered, numerosity and temporal frequency were both spontaneously used as the main cues to reproduce the sequences, with a slight but significant dominance of numerosity. Overall, the results are in line with previous literature suggesting that numerosity is directly encoded, even for temporal sequences, but a non-numerical feature (temporal frequency) is also used in reproducing sequences